Buying Guides

Bioreactor types compared: stirred-tank, airlift and single-use, mapped to real 1-10 L glass and 10-500 L steel vessels, plus the scale band each stops at.

A distillation apparatus is a flask, condenser, receiver and vacuum source. See the parts, the assembly order, joint sizes and how to size the vacuum pump.

How does a chiller work? We break down the refrigerant loop, the pump side, and why sealed baths beat open ones below 0 C, plus real DLSB spec tables.

A continuous stirred tank reactor feeds and discharges while it mixes. How a CSTR works, what tau = V/v0 means, and the 50 L and 100 L vessels behind it.

How essential oil steam distillation works, what a distillation kit really contains, and the rotary evaporator step that turns leftover hydrosol into product.

The alcohol fermentation equation is C6H12O6 to 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2. See the CO2 mass balance it forces on your vessel and which lab fermentation tank runs it.

How a rotary vane vacuum pump works, why solvent vapour wrecks its oil seal, and when a water-ring pump wins instead. Compare real specs before you buy.

The distillation of alcohol enriches ethanol by boiling and condensing. See the process steps, the 95.6% azeotrope ceiling and real 10L-50L equipment specs.

A magnetic stirrer spins a stir bar via a rotating magnet under the plate. See how coupling works, where it fails, and the full DF-101 spec table.